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  2. Liquid–liquid extraction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid–liquid_extraction

    A separatory funnel used for liquid–liquid extraction, as evident by the two immiscible liquids.. Liquid–liquid extraction, also known as solvent extraction and partitioning, is a method to separate compounds or metal complexes, based on their relative solubilities in two different immiscible liquids, usually water (polar) and an organic solvent (non-polar).

  3. Solvent effects - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvent_effects

    This arises from the fact that polar solvents stabilize the formation of the carbocation intermediate to a greater extent than the non-polar-solvent conditions. This is apparent in the ΔE a, ΔΔG ‡ activation. On the right is an S N 2 reaction coordinate diagram. Note the decreased ΔG ‡ activation for the non-polar-solvent reaction ...

  4. Polar aprotic solvent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_aprotic_solvent

    A polar aprotic solvent is a solvent that lacks an acidic proton and is polar. Such solvents lack hydroxyl and amine groups. In contrast to protic solvents, these solvents do not serve as proton donors in hydrogen bonding, although they can be proton acceptors. Many solvents, including chlorocarbons and hydrocarbons, are classifiable as aprotic ...

  5. Tetrahydrofuran - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran

    The other main application of THF is as an industrial solvent for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and in varnishes. [8] It is an aprotic solvent with a dielectric constant of 7.6. It is a moderately polar solvent and can dissolve a wide range of nonpolar and polar chemical compounds. [15]

  6. Partition coefficient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_coefficient

    [10]: 275ff When one of the solvents is water and the other is a non-polar solvent, then the log P value is a measure of lipophilicity or hydrophobicity. [ 10 ] : 275ff [ 11 ] : 6 The defined precedent is for the lipophilic and hydrophilic phase types to always be in the numerator and denominator respectively; for example, in a biphasic system ...

  7. Solvation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvation

    Polar solvents are often found to have a high dielectric constant, although other solvent scales are also used to classify solvent polarity. Polar solvents can be used to dissolve inorganic or ionic compounds such as salts. The conductivity of a solution depends on the solvation of its ions. Nonpolar solvents cannot solvate ions, and ions will ...

  8. Polyvinylpyrrolidone - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinylpyrrolidone

    PVP is soluble in water and other polar solvents. For example, it is soluble in various alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, [29] as well as in more exotic solvents like the deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (Relin). [30] When dry it is a light flaky hygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in ...

  9. Lithium chloride - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_chloride

    Lithium chloride is a chemical compound with the formula Li Cl.The salt is a typical ionic compound (with certain covalent characteristics), although the small size of the Li + ion gives rise to properties not seen for other alkali metal chlorides, such as extraordinary solubility in polar solvents (83.05 g/100 mL of water at 20 °C) and its hygroscopic properties.