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Oseltamivir, sold under the brand name Tamiflu among others, is an antiviral medication used to treat and prevent influenza A and influenza B, viruses that cause the flu. [5] Many medical organizations recommend it in people who have complications or are at high risk of complications within 48 hours of first symptoms of infection. [ 6 ]
Synthesis of Tamiflu. The synthesis commences from naturally available (−)-shikimic acid. The 3,4-pentylidene acetal mesylate is prepared in three steps: esterification with ethanol and thionyl chloride; ketalization with p-toluenesulfonic acid and 3-pentanone; and mesylation with triethylamine and methanesulfonyl chloride.
Shikimic acid can also be extracted from the seeds of the sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) fruit, [2] which is abundant in North America, in yields of around 1.5%. For example, 4 kg (8.8 lb) of sweetgum seeds is needed for fourteen packages of Tamiflu. By comparison, star anise has been reported to yield 3% to 7% shikimic acid.
Aminoshikimic acid is an intriguing alternative to shikimic acid as a starting material for the synthesis of neuraminidase inhibitors such as the antiinfluenza agent oseltamivir. [3] Aminoshikimic acid is also a versatile chiral starting material for the synthesis of new pharmaceuticals.
However, a clinical trial in 2008 found that oral dosing of elderly patients with interferon-alpha actually reduced their immune response to an influenza vaccine. [ 11 ] Viferon is a suppository of (non- pegylated [ 12 ] ) interferon alpha -2b, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and tocopherol (vitamin E) which was reported in two small studies to be ...
Repeated administration of a medication is also different from single dosing, as many drugs have active metabolites that can build up in the body. [6] Patient variables such as sex, age, and organ function may also influence the effect of the drug on the system. These variables are rarely included in equianalgesic charts. [7] [3] [8]
2012 (Fixed-dose combo Stribild) 2014 (single pill) 2015 ; Emtricitabine: HIV Gilead Sciences NRTI 2003 Enfuvirtide: HIV Entry inhibitor 2003 Ensitrelvir: COVID-19: Shionogi: 3C-like protease inhibitor Entecavir: HIV NRTI 2005 Etravirine (Intelence) [8] HIV NNRTI 2008 Famciclovir: Herpes Zoster: Guanosine analogue 1994 Fomivirsen: AIDS Anti ...
The drug is used to treat patients that have contracted influenza. However, the Vietnamese girl who had received a prophylactic dose (75 mg once a day) was found to be non-responsive to the medication. In growing fears of a global avian flu pandemic, scientists began to look for a cause of resistance to the Tamiflu medication.
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