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The parma was about 36 inches (91 cm) across (or less) and had iron in its frame, making it a very effective piece of armour. Parmae had handles and shield bosses (umbones). The parma was used by legionnaires in the early republican period of Rome's history, by the lowest class division of the army— the velites.
It had a handle and a shield boss (umbo). The parma was used in the Roman army of the mid-Republic, by the lowest class division of the army — the velites. The velites' equipment consisted of a parma, javelin, sword and helmet. Later, the parma was replaced by the scutum.
The scutum (Classical Latin: [ˈskuːt̪ʊ̃]; pl.:scuta) was a type of shield used among Italic peoples in antiquity, most notably by the army of ancient Rome starting about the fourth century BC. [1] The Romans adopted it when they switched from the military formation of the hoplite phalanx of the Greeks to the formation with maniples (Latin ...
Parma (shield) S. Scutum; Shield of Aeneas; T. Testudo formation This page was last edited on 18 May 2015, at 01:00 (UTC). Text is available under the Creative ...
To spur on the troops, the aquilifer shouts out, so that all the soldiers can hear him, that despite the common lack of initiative, he would have fulfilled his office for both Julius Caesar, his general, and for the public (pūblicae) thing (reī) (i.e. for the republic); he then immediately jumps from the ship and makes his way to the shore ...
Polybius describes the typical veles as having a helmet and parma, a small round shield. [10] [11] Greek language military treatises of Late Antique and later Byzantine periods of the Roman Empire call all light troops psiloi, regardless of their defensive equipment. They were used as skirmishers, but they were often deployed in regular lines ...
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Treadgold argues that John Lydus' figure of 389,704 soldiers represents the army's strength in 285, [89] while Zosimus' figures totalling 581,000 soldiers account for the army in 312. [90] Treadgold estimates that the army's size was roughly constant during the period 235-285, followed by a rapid increase of over 50% between 285-305, and again ...