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It may be placed after an initial letter used to abbreviate a word. It is often placed after each individual letter in acronyms and initialisms (e.g. "U.S."). However, the use of full stops after letters in an initialism or acronym is declining, and many of these without punctuation have become accepted norms (e.g., "UK" and "NATO"). [b]
When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, only one period is used: The capital of the United States is Washington, D.C. In the past, some initialisms were styled with a period after each letter and a space between each pair. For example, U. S., but today this is typically US.
A shortening is an abbreviation formed by removing at least the last letter of a word (e.g. etc. and rhino), and sometimes also containing letters not present in the full form (e.g. bike). As a general rule, use a full point after a shortening that only exists in writing (e.g. etc. ) but not for a shortening that is used in speech (e.g. rhino ).
p.a. per annum "through a year" Used in the sense of "yearly". [1] per cent. per centum "for each one hundred" Commonly "percent" in American English. [6] PhD Philosophiae Doctor "Doctor of Philosophy" Where periods are used, it is "Ph.D." p.m. post meridiem "after midday" Used on the twelve-hour clock to indicate times after 12 midday.
Lists of acronyms contain acronyms, a type of abbreviation formed from the initial components of the words of a longer name or phrase. They are organized alphabetically and by field. They are organized alphabetically and by field.
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Similarly, some letter-by-letter initialisms may become word acronyms over time, especially in combining forms: IP for Internet Protocol is generally said as two letters, but IPsec for Internet Protocol Security is usually pronounced as / ˌ aɪ ˈ p iː s ɛ k / or / ˈ ɪ p s ɛ k /, along with variant capitalization like "IPSEC" and "Ipsec ...
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