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Cytologic tests include conventional Pap smear and liquid based cytology. Visual Inspection tests involve application of a solution to enhance identification of abnormal areas and can utilize the naked eye or a colposcope/magnifying camera. [3] Medical organizations of different countries have unique guidelines and screening recommendations.
Pap tests involve using a swab or brush to collect cells from the cervix and check for any abnormal cells that may become cancer, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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Pap tests can usually be performed during pregnancy up to at least 24 weeks of gestational age. [34] Pap tests during pregnancy have not been associated with increased risk of miscarriage. [34] An inflammatory component is commonly seen on Pap smears from pregnant women [35] and does not appear to be a risk for subsequent preterm birth. [36]
A pelvic examination is the physical examination of the external and internal female pelvic organs. [1] It is frequently used in gynecology for the evaluation of symptoms affecting the female reproductive and urinary tract, such as pain, bleeding, discharge, urinary incontinence, or trauma (e.g. sexual assault).
The Pap test can be used as a screening test, but produces a false negative in up to 50% of cases of cervical cancer. [56] [57] Other concerns is the cost of doing Pap tests, which make them unaffordable in many areas of the world. [58] Confirmation of the diagnosis of cervical cancer or precancer requires a biopsy of the cervix.
Created Date: 8/30/2012 4:52:52 PM
Obstetrics & Gynecology is the official publication of ACOG. It is popularly known as "The Green Journal". [7] In 1986, the organization successfully challenged an anti-abortion law in Pennsylvania before the U.S. Supreme Court in Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. [8]