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Vitamins are classified as either water-soluble or fat-soluble. In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin ...
The Vitamin-B complex, which includes eight water-soluble vitamins, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular function and preventing brain atrophy. Among the elderly, deficiencies in vitamins B12, B6, and folate are linked to cognitive decline and depressive symptoms. [172]
Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, along with numerous other biological functions. [1] [2] In humans, the most significant compounds within this group are vitamin D 3 (cholecalciferol) and vitamin D 2 (ergocalciferol). [2] [3]
The tocopherols function as fat-soluble antioxidants which may help protect cell membranes from reactive oxygen species. Vitamin E is classified as an essential nutrient for humans. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Various government organizations recommend that adults consume between 3 and 15 mg per day, while a 2016 worldwide review reported a median ...
Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements. [1] The human body requires vitamin K for post-synthesis modification of certain proteins that are required for blood coagulation ("K" from Danish koagulation, for "coagulation") or for controlling binding of calcium in bones and other tissues. [2]
In appearance, all forms of this coenzyme are white amorphous powders that are hygroscopic and highly water-soluble. [8] The solids are stable if stored dry and in the dark. Solutions of NAD + are colorless and stable for about a week at 4 °C and neutral pH , but decompose rapidly in acidic or alkaline solutions.
Today's NYT Connections puzzle for Friday, December 13, 2024The New York Times
Thiamine was the first of the water-soluble vitamins to be isolated. [71] The earliest observations in humans and in chickens had shown that diets of primarily polished white rice caused beriberi, but did not attribute it to the absence of a previously unknown essential nutrient. [72] [73]