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Myasthenia gravis, or MG, is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that causes muscle weakness and fatigue. ... − particularly those that control eye and eyelid movement, facial ...
Myasthenia gravis affects 50 to 200 people per million. [3] [4] It is newly diagnosed in 3 to 30 people per million each year. [13] Diagnosis has become more common due to increased awareness. [13] Myasthenia gravis most commonly occurs in women under the age of 40 and in men over the age of 60. [1] [5] [14] It is uncommon in children. [1]
Ocular myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disease of the neuromuscular junction resulting in hallmark variability in muscle weakness and fatigability. MG is an autoimmune disease where anomalous antibodies are produced against the naturally occurring acetylcholine receptors in voluntary muscles.
Myogenic ptosis, which includes oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, myotonic dystrophy, ocular myopathy, simple congenital ptosis and blepharophimosis syndrome. Aponeurotic ptosis, which may be involutional or postoperative. Mechanical ptosis, which is the result of edema or tumors of the upper lid.
The test should be negative in patients with ptosis or diplopia of other etiologies. Bienfang's test can help differentiate OMG from other causes of ptosis. For example, although most cases of acquired ptosis in older adults are due to dehiscence of the levator aponeurosis, [8] OMG, which can affect the elderly, [9] cannot be entirely ruled out ...
Thus, this test can be used to clinically differentiate between ocular myasthenia gravis and normal individuals. Since myasthenia gravis affects all skeletal muscles, eyelid drooping is often bilateral. It is sometimes done in conjunction with tensilon test, where edrophonium is injected to look for reversibility of eyelid drooping. In ...
MG may present as muscle weakness in different areas of the body: a) ocular MG is skeletal muscle weakness in the eyes that causes ptosis (i.e., eyelid drooping), weak eyelid closure, strabismus (i.e., one eye turned in a direction different from the other eye), diplopia (i.e., double vision), and/or complex ophthalmoplegias (e.g., weakness or ...
The neuromuscular junction, as in myasthenia gravis. The relevant cranial nerves (specifically the oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens), as in cavernous sinus syndrome or raised intracranial pressure. The brainstem nuclei of these nerves, as in certain patterns of brainstem stroke such as Foville's syndrome.
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