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  2. One- and two-tailed tests - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-_and_two-tailed_tests

    A two-tailed test applied to the normal distribution. A one-tailed test, showing the p-value as the size of one tail. In statistical significance testing, a one-tailed test and a two-tailed test are alternative ways of computing the statistical significance of a parameter inferred from a data set, in terms of a test statistic. A two-tailed test ...

  3. Equivalence test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equivalence_test

    A very simple equivalence testing approach is the ‘two one-sided t-tests’ (TOST) procedure. [11] In the TOST procedure an upper (Δ U) and lower (–Δ L) equivalence bound is specified based on the smallest effect size of interest (e.g., a positive or negative difference of d = 0.3).

  4. Wilcoxon signed-rank test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilcoxon_signed-rank_test

    This is appropriate for two-sided hypothesis tests, but it cannot be used for one-sided tests. Instead of assigning ranks between 1 and n , it is also possible to assign ranks between 0 and n − 1 {\displaystyle n-1} .

  5. p-value - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-value

    If we use the test statistic /, then under the null hypothesis is exactly 1 for two-sided p-value, and exactly / for one-sided left-tail p-value, and same for one-sided right-tail p-value. If we consider every outcome that has equal or lower probability than "3 heads 3 tails" as "at least as extreme", then the p -value is exactly 1 / 2 ...

  6. Statistical hypothesis test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_hypothesis_test

    When theory is only capable of predicting the sign of a relationship, a directional (one-sided) hypothesis test can be configured so that only a statistically significant result supports theory. This form of theory appraisal is the most heavily criticized application of hypothesis testing.

  7. Z-test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-test

    The two-sided p-value is approximately 0.014 (twice the one-sided p-value). Another way of stating things is that with probability 1 − 0.014 = 0.986, a simple random sample of 55 students would have a mean test score within 4 units of the population mean.

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  9. Grubbs's test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grubbs's_test

    Grubbs's test can also be defined as a one-sided test, replacing α/(2N) with α/N. To test whether the minimum value is an outlier, the test statistic is = ¯ with Y min denoting the minimum value. To test whether the maximum value is an outlier, the test statistic is