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  2. Exculpatory evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exculpatory_evidence

    Exculpatory evidence is evidence favorable to the defendant in a criminal trial that exonerates or tends to exonerate the defendant of guilt. [1] It is the opposite of inculpatory evidence , which tends to present guilt.

  3. Objections to evolution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objections_to_evolution

    Objections to evolution have been raised since evolutionary ideas came to prominence in the 19th century. When Charles Darwin published his 1859 book On the Origin of Species, his theory of evolution (the idea that species arose through descent with modification from a single common ancestor in a process driven by natural selection) initially met opposition from scientists with different ...

  4. Proving a negative - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proving_a_negative

    Evidence of absence in general, such as evidence that there is no milk in a certain bowl; Modus tollens, a logical proof; Proof of impossibility, mathematics; Russell's teapot, an analogy: inability to disprove does not prove; Sometimes it is mistaken for an argument from ignorance, which is non-proof and a logical fallacy

  5. A priori and a posteriori - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori

    Posterior analytics (a posteriori) is about inductive logic, which comes from observational evidence. Both terms appear in Euclid's Elements and were popularized by Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, an influential work in the history of philosophy. [1] Both terms are primarily used as modifiers to the noun knowledge (e.g., a priori ...

  6. Burden of proof (philosophy) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(philosophy)

    When a party bearing the burden of proof meets their burden, the burden of proof switches to the other side. Burdens may be of different kinds for each party, in different phases of litigation. The burden of production is a minimal burden to produce at least enough evidence for the trier of fact to consider a disputed claim.

  7. Argument from ignorance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance

    Argument from ignorance (from Latin: argumentum ad ignorantiam), also known as appeal to ignorance (in which ignorance represents "a lack of contrary evidence"), is a fallacy in informal logic. The fallacy is committed when one asserts that a proposition is true because it has not yet been proven false or a proposition is false because it has ...

  8. Circumstantial evidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumstantial_evidence

    Circumstantial evidence normally requires a witness, such as the police officer who found the evidence, or an expert who examined it, to lay the foundation for its admission. This witness, sometimes known as the sponsor or the authenticating witness, is giving direct (eyewitness) testimony, and could present credibility problems in the same way ...

  9. Empiricism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empiricism

    Empiricism in the philosophy of science emphasizes evidence, especially as discovered in experiments. It is a fundamental part of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observations of the natural world rather than resting solely on a priori reasoning, intuition, or revelation.