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  2. Ammonia - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia

    10.1.3 Single antenna ... The lone pair repels more strongly than bond ... The combustion of ammonia to form nitrogen and water is exothermic: 4 NH 3 + 3 O 2 → 2 ...

  3. Molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geometry

    Molecular geometries can be specified in terms of 'bond lengths', 'bond angles' and 'torsional angles'. The bond length is defined to be the average distance between the nuclei of two atoms bonded together in any given molecule. A bond angle is the angle formed between three atoms across at least two bonds.

  4. Ammonia solution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia_solution

    Ammonia solution, also known as ammonia water, ammonium hydroxide, ammoniacal liquor, ammonia liquor, aqua ammonia, aqueous ammonia, or (inaccurately) ammonia, is a solution of ammonia in water. It can be denoted by the symbols NH 3 (aq). Although the name ammonium hydroxide suggests a salt with the composition [NH + 4][OH −

  5. Valence (chemistry) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)

    In some molecules, there is a difference between valence and oxidation state for a given atom. For example, in disulfur decafluoride molecule S 2 F 10, each sulfur atom has 6 valence bonds (5 single bonds with fluorine atoms and 1 single bond with the other sulfur atom). Thus, each sulfur atom is hexavalent or has valence 6, but has oxidation ...

  6. Molecular model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_model

    Each ball is drilled with as many holes as its conventional valence (C: 4; N: 3; O: 2; H: 1) directed towards the vertices of a tetrahedron. Single bonds are represented by (fairly) rigid grey rods. Double and triple bonds use two longer flexible bonds which restrict rotation and support conventional cis/trans stereochemistry.

  7. Lone pair - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_pair

    In Group 14 elements (the carbon group), lone pairs can manifest themselves by shortening or lengthening single bond (bond order 1) lengths, [16] as well as in the effective order of triple bonds as well. [17] [18] The familiar alkynes have a carbon-carbon triple bond (bond order 3) and a linear geometry of 180° bond angles (figure A in ...

  8. Tetrahedral molecular geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry

    In the gas phase, a single water molecule has an oxygen atom surrounded by two hydrogens and two lone pairs, and the H 2 O geometry is simply described as bent without considering the nonbonding lone pairs. [citation needed] However, in liquid water or in ice, the lone pairs form hydrogen bonds with neighboring water molecules. The most common ...

  9. Ball-and-stick model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model

    Double and triple bonds are usually represented by two or three curved rods, respectively, or alternately by correctly positioned sticks for the sigma and pi bonds. In a good model, the angles between the rods should be the same as the angles between the bonds , and the distances between the centers of the spheres should be proportional to the ...