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The History of Rome originally comprised 142 "books", 35 of which—Books 1–10 with the Preface and Books 21–45—still exist in reasonably complete form. [1] Damage to a manuscript of the 5th century resulted in large gaps in Books 41 and 43–45 (small lacunae exist elsewhere); that is, the material is not covered in any source of Livy's text.
In some parts of Italy the scutum had been used since pre-historical times. [6] Polybius gave a description of the early second-century scutum BC: [7] The Roman panoply consists firstly of a shield (scutum), the convex surface of which measures 2.5 ft (76 cm) in width and 4 ft (120 cm) in length, the thickness at the rim being a palm's breadth ...
The Roman scutum was a large shield designed to fit with others to form a shield wall but not overlap. Roman legions used an extreme type of shield wall called a testudo formation that covered front, sides and above. In this formation, the outside ranks formed a dense vertical shield wall and inside ranks held shields over their heads, thus ...
2 War use. 3 Other uses. 4 See also. 5 ... the parma was replaced by the body-length scutum as velites were phased out with the so-called "Marian reforms ...
They wore light armour, the most common form being small breastplates, called "heart protectors". [5] In this type of legion, the 900 hastati formed 15 maniples, military units of 60 men each. Attached to each maniple were about 20 leves, javelin-armed light infantry. [7]
In 91 BC, the socii rebelled en masse against the Roman alliance system, sparking the so-called "Social War" (91–88 BC), probably the toughest challenge faced by Rome since the Second Punic War over a century earlier. The Romans ultimately prevailed, not only by military action but by conceding the very demands that had set off the revolt in ...
This is the list of notable stars in the constellation Scutum, sorted by decreasing brightness. Name B Var HD HIP RA Dec vis. mag. abs. mag. Dist. Sp. class Notes α Sct:
The excavation map of Dura-Europos. Tower 24, in the top left, was the find location of the shield. In the 1920s and 30s, Yale University and the French Academy held joint excavations of Dura-Europos, after the modern rediscovery of the site initiated with the widely published photos and findings of James Henry Breasted.