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The abundance of elements in Earth's crust is shown in tabulated form with the estimated crustal abundance for each chemical element shown as mg/kg, or parts per million (ppm) by mass (10,000 ppm = 1%).
Continental crust is a tertiary crust, formed at subduction zones through recycling of subducted secondary (oceanic) crust. [17] The average age of Earth's current continental crust has been estimated to be about 2.0 billion years. [20] Most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are located in cratons.
Other elements occur at less than 0.15%. For a full list, see abundance of elements in Earth's crust. The graph at right illustrates the relative atomic-abundance of the chemical elements in Earth's upper continental crust—the part that is relatively accessible for measurements and estimation.
"The earth's crust" in Clarke and Washington works can mean two different things: (a) The whole outer part of Earth, i.e. lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere; (b) Only the lithosphere, which in their works just meant "the rocky crust of the earth". "Crust" here means (b). Following tables do not cover all elements.
A.B. Ronov, A.A. Yaroshevsky, Earth's Crust Geochemistry, in Encyclopedia of Geochemistry and Environmental Sciences, R.W. Fairbridge (ed.), Van Nostrand, New York, (1969). Estimated abundance of the elements in the continental crust (C1) and in seawater near the surface (W1). The median values of reported measurements are given.
Metals in the Earth's crust: abundance and main occurrence or source, ... Metals left of the dividing line occur (or are sourced) mainly as lithophiles; ...
The oceanic crust, which is rich in basalts from volcanic activity, show distinct components that provides information about the evolution of the Earth's interior over the geologic timescale. Incompatible trace elements become depleted when mantle melts and become enriched in oceanic or continental crust through volcanic activity.
None of the alkaline earth metals are found in their elemental state. Common magnesium-containing minerals are carnallite, magnesite, and dolomite. Common calcium-containing minerals are chalk, limestone, gypsum, and anhydrite. [2] Strontium is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. The principal minerals are celestite and ...