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Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, also known as VMS ore deposits, are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copper-zinc which are associated with and produced by volcanic-associated hydrothermal events in submarine environments. [2] [3] [4] These deposits are also sometimes called volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposits
Sulfur is a common component of the fluids, and most of the common ore metals, lead, zinc, copper, silver, molybdenum and mercury, occur chiefly as sulfide and sulfosalt minerals. [3] Examples of primary minerals formed in this way include the sulfide minerals pyrite (FeS 2 ), galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS), and chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2 ).
Massive sulfide deposits are ore deposits that have significant stratiform ore bodies consisting mainly of sulfide minerals.Most massive sulfide ore deposits have other portions that are not massive, including stringer or feeder zones beneath the massive parts that mostly consist of crosscutting veins and veinlets of sulfides in a matrix of pervasively altered host rock and gangue.
Sedimentary exhalative deposits (SEDEX or SedEx deposits) are zinc-lead deposits originally interpreted to have been formed by discharge of metal-bearing basinal fluids onto the seafloor resulting in the precipitation of mainly stratiform ore, often with thin laminations of sulfide minerals.
The reaction produces secondary sulfides with metal contents higher than those of the primary ore. This is particularly noted in copper ore deposits where the copper sulfide minerals chalcocite (Cu 2 S), covellite (CuS), digenite (Cu 18 S 10), and djurleite (Cu 31 S 16) are deposited by the descending surface waters. [1]
Model of seabed mining technology. Seabed mining, also known as Seafloor mining [1] is the recovery of minerals from the seabed by techniques of underwater mining. The concept includes mining at shallow depths on the continental shelf and deep-sea mining at greater depths associated with tectonic activity, hydrothermal vents and the abyssal plains.
Some sulfide minerals are economically important as metal ores. The sulphide class also includes the selenides, the tellurides, the arsenides, the antimonides, the bismuthinides, the sulpharsenides and the sulphosalts. [1] [2] Sulphide minerals are inorganic compounds. Pyrite
Arsenopyrite (IMA symbol: Apy [4]) is an iron arsenic sulfide (FeAsS). It is a hard (Mohs 5.5–6) [5] metallic, opaque, steel grey to silver white mineral with a relatively high specific gravity of 6.1. [1] When dissolved in nitric acid, it releases elemental sulfur. When arsenopyrite is heated, it produces sulfur and arsenic vapor.