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These are called egg-adapted changes that lead to differences in genes and structures between the candidate viruses in the eggs and the circulating, 'wild' viruses. As a result, less effective antibodies are made by the immune system of humans. Hence, egg-based vaccines may have lower efficacy in flu prevention. [7]
Jump ahead another 120 years or so to 1918 when the first flu shot was administered to the U.S. military in an attempt to thwart the Spanish Flu; vaccines that followed include those to combat ...
[1] [2] [3] In 1936 Frank Horsfall, Alice Chenoweth, and colleagues developed, in mouse lung tissue, a live influenza virus vaccine. [ 4 ] That same year, 1936, saw the development of two influenza A vaccines in embryonated eggs, one (live) by Wilson Smith ... and the other (killed, whole virus) by Thomas Francis and Thomas Magill. ...
During the worldwide Spanish flu pandemic of 1918, "Pharmacists tried everything they knew, everything they had ever heard of, from the ancient art of bleeding patients, to administering oxygen, to developing new vaccines and serums (chiefly against what we call Hemophilus influenzae – a name derived from the fact that it was originally considered the etiological agent – and several types ...
A louse's egg is commonly called a nit. Many lice attach their eggs to their hosts' hair with specialized saliva ; the saliva/hair bond is very difficult to sever without specialized products. Lice inhabiting birds, however, may simply leave their eggs in parts of the body inaccessible to preening , such as the interior of feather shafts.
Split virus vaccines are produced by using a detergent to disrupt the viral envelope. [5] [15] This technique is used in the development of many influenza vaccines. [16] A minority of sources use the term inactivated vaccines to broadly refer to non-live vaccines. Under this definition, inactivated vaccines also include subunit vaccines and ...
The vaccine does not contain any infectious material from the influenza virus. Unlike conventional flu vaccines, which are developed by growing the influenza virus in hens' eggs and then administered as a weakened or killed form of the virus, DNA-based vaccines contain only portions of the influenza virus' genetic material.
Despite the high morbidity and mortality rates that resulted from the epidemic, the Spanish flu began to fade from public awareness over the decades until the arrival of news about bird flu and other pandemics in the 1990s and 2000s. [320] [321] This has led some historians to label the Spanish flu a "forgotten pandemic". [177]