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A shale gas well being drilled by a drilling rig in Pennsylvania. Produced water is a term used in the oil industry or geothermal industry to describe water that is produced as a byproduct during the extraction of oil and natural gas, [1] or used as a medium for heat extraction.
The terms hydrocarbon accounting and allocation are sometimes used interchangeably. [2] [3] Hydrocarbon accounting has a wider scope, taking advantages of allocation results, it is the petroleum management process by which ownership of extracted hydrocarbons is determined and tracked from a point of sale or discharge back to the point of ...
Hydrocarbon reservoir properties, connectivity, hydrocarbon type and gas-oil and oil-water contacts are determined to calculate potential recoverable volumes. This is usually done by drilling more appraisal wells around the initial exploration well. Production tests may also give insight in reservoir pressures and connectivity.
Intelligent well: An oil or gas well equipped with monitoring equipment and completion components that allow for automatic or remote optimization of production. Joint: A length of pipe. Kelly: A square or hexagon pipe ( Approximately 40 ft. long ) used to turn the drill string while drilling.
PWB – production wing block (XT [clarification needed]) PWHT – post-weld heat treat; PWRI – produced water reinjection; PWV – production wing valve (also known as a flow wing valve on a christmas tree [citation needed])
Artificial lift is the use of artificial means to increase the flow of liquids, such as crude oil or water, from a production well. Generally this is achieved by the use of a mechanical device inside the well (known as pump or velocity string) or by decreasing the weight of the hydrostatic column by injecting gas into the liquid some distance down the well.
A free-to-play game monetized through gacha game mechanics, Genshin Impact is updated regularly using the games as a service model; it was originally released for Android, iOS, PlayStation 4, and Windows, followed by PlayStation 5 in 2021, with an Xbox Series X/S version in November 2024. Genshin Impact takes place in the fantasy world of ...
A 1984 study estimated the EROI of the various known oil-shale deposits as varying between 0.7–13.3, [75] although known oil-shale extraction development projects assert an EROI between 3 and 10. According to the World Energy Outlook 2010, the EROI of ex-situ processing is typically 4 to 5 while of in-situ processing it may be even as low as 2.