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The numbers of vertices in any two color classes differ by at most one. That is, the partition of vertices among the different colors is as uniform as possible. For instance, giving each vertex a distinct color would be equitable, but would typically use many more colors than are necessary in an optimal equitable coloring.
The assignment is subject to certain constraints, such as that no two adjacent elements have the same color. Graph coloring is a special case of graph labeling. In its simplest form, it is a way of coloring the vertices of a graph such that no two adjacent vertices are of the same color; this is called a vertex coloring.
is consistently oriented: if vertices and ′ have the same color, and vertices and ′ have the same color, then (,) and (′, ′) cannot both be edges in the graph. Equivalently, an oriented graph coloring of a graph G is an oriented graph H (whose vertices represent colors and whose arcs represent valid orientations between colors) such ...
A graph is said to be k-generated if for every subgraph H of G, the minimum degree of H is at most k. Incidence chromatic number of k-degenerated graphs G is at most ∆(G) + 2k − 1. Incidence chromatic number of K 4 minor free graphs G is at most ∆(G) + 2 and it forms a tight bound. Incidence chromatic number of a planar graph G is at most ...
Exact coloring of the complete graph K 6. Every n-vertex complete graph K n has an exact coloring with n colors, obtained by giving each vertex a distinct color. Every graph with an n-color exact coloring may be obtained as a detachment of a complete graph, a graph obtained from the complete graph by splitting each vertex into an independent set and reconnecting each edge incident to the ...
For a graph G, let χ(G) denote the chromatic number and Δ(G) the maximum degree of G.The list coloring number ch(G) satisfies the following properties.. ch(G) ≥ χ(G).A k-list-colorable graph must in particular have a list coloring when every vertex is assigned the same list of k colors, which corresponds to a usual k-coloring.
Eight asymmetric graphs, each given a distinguishing coloring with only one color (red) A graph has distinguishing number one if and only if it is asymmetric. [3] For instance, the Frucht graph has a distinguishing coloring with only one color. In a complete graph, the only distinguishing colorings assign a different color to each vertex. For ...
The total chromatic number χ″(G) of a graph G is the fewest colors needed in any total coloring of G. The total graph T = T(G) of a graph G is a graph such that (i) the vertex set of T corresponds to the vertices and edges of G and (ii) two vertices are adjacent in T if and only if their corresponding elements are either adjacent or incident ...