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The term ‘Arian Controversy' implies that Arius caused the Controversy by developing a novel heresy that became the main impetus of the Controversy. It also implies that the anti-Nicenes followed Arius.
Homoousianism and Arianism were contending interpretations of Jesus's divinity, both based upon the trinitarian theological orthodoxy of the time. [11] [12] Homoousianism was formally affirmed by the first two ecumenical councils; [12] since then, Arianism has been condemned as "the heresy or sect of Arius". [13]
Arius (/ ə ˈ r aɪ ə s, ˈ ɛər i-/; Koinē Greek: Ἄρειος, Áreios; 250 or 256 – 336) was a Cyrenaic presbyter and ascetic.He has been regarded as the founder of Arianism, [1] [2] which holds that Jesus Christ was not coeternal with God the Father, but was rather created before time.
In addition to the Arian question, the council also considered the calculation of Easter, and adopted the Roman and Alexandrian method over the objection of several eastern bishops. [47] The bishops also agreed to a resolution on the Melitian schism and issued twenty canons. [ 48 ]
This alteration was regarded by the orthodox as so serious that Eunomians on returning to the church were rebaptized, though the Arians were not. The Eunomian heresy was formally condemned by the Council of Constantinople in 381. The sect maintained a separate existence for some time, but gradually fell away owing to internal divisions. [2]
“The Homoian group came to dominance in the church in the 350s” (RH, 558–559.) “Homoian Arianism is a much more diverse phenomenon, more widespread and in fact more longlasting.” [3]: 557 Throughout the Arian Controversy, the church's Doctrine of God was decided by the Roman Emperors:
Athanasius was a Church Father, [3] the chief proponent of Trinitarianism against Arianism, and a noted Egyptian Christian leader of the fourth century. Conflict with Arius and Arianism, as well as with successive Roman emperors, shaped Athanasius' career.
Semi-Arianism was a position regarding the relationship between God the Father and the Son of God, adopted by some 4th-century Christians.Though the doctrine modified the teachings of Arianism, it still rejected the doctrine that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are co-eternal, and of the same substance, or consubstantial, and was therefore considered to be heretical by many contemporary Christians.