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Hyponatremia or hyponatraemia is a low concentration of sodium in the blood. [4] It is generally defined as a sodium concentration of less than 135 mmol/L (135 mEq/L ), with severe hyponatremia being below 120 mEq/L. [3] [8] Symptoms can be absent, mild or severe.
Glomerulonephritis ( GN) is a term used to refer to several kidney diseases (usually affecting both kidneys). Many of the diseases are characterised by inflammation either of the glomeruli or of the small blood vessels in the kidneys, hence the name, [1] but not all diseases necessarily have an inflammatory component. [citation needed]
Nephrotic syndrome is a collection of symptoms due to kidney damage. This includes protein in the urine, low blood albumin levels, high blood lipids, and significant swelling. Other symptoms may include weight gain, feeling tired, and foamy urine. Complications may include blood clots, infections, and high blood pressure.
1.2 million (2015) [6] Chronic kidney disease ( CKD) is a type of long-term kidney disease, in which either there is a gradual loss of kidney function occurs over a period of months to years, or abnormal kidney structure (with normal function). [2] [5] Initially generally no symptoms are seen, but later symptoms may include leg swelling ...
Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) is a medical condition that involves an accumulation of acid in the body due to a failure of the kidneys to appropriately acidify the urine. In renal physiology , when blood is filtered by the kidney, the filtrate passes through the tubules of the nephron , allowing for exchange of salts , acid equivalents, and ...
The most adverse consequences of chronic metabolic acidosis in people with CKD, and in particular, for those who have end-stage renal disease (ESRD), are detrimental changes to the bones and muscles. Acid buffering leads to loss of bone density, resulting in an increased risk of bone fractures, [27] renal osteodystrophy, [28] and bone disease ...
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [1] The term " hypotonic hyponatremia " is also sometimes used. [2] When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage renal disease ( ESRD ), is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. [2] Kidney failure is classified as either acute kidney failure, which develops rapidly and may resolve; and chronic kidney ...