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The Summary for Policymakers (SPM) document was drafted by scientists and agreed to line-by-line by the 195 governments in the IPCC during the five days leading up to 6 August 2021. [ 5 ] According to the WGI report, it is only possible to avoid warming of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) or 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) if massive and immediate cuts in greenhouse gas ...
The Summary for policymakers ( SPM ) [1] is a summary of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports intended to aid policymakers. The form is approved line by line by governments: "Negotiations occur over wording to ensure accuracy, balance, clarity of message, and relevance to understanding and policy." [2]
On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians[ a] is an essay by Russian president Vladimir Putin published on 12 July 2021. [ 1] It was published on Kremlin.ru shortly after the end of the first of two buildups of Russian forces preceding the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. In the essay, Putin describes his views on ...
Main sources of global methane emissions (2008-2017) according to the Global Carbon Project [ 40] Methane emissions come from livestock, manure, rice cultivation, landfills, wastewater, and coal mining, as well as oil and gas extraction. [ 41] Nitrous oxide emissions largely come from the microbial decomposition of fertiliser.
Holistic grading or holistic scoring, in standards-based education, is an approach to scoring essays using a simple grading structure that bases a grade on a paper's overall quality. [ 1] This type of grading, which is also described as nonreductionist grading, [ 2] contrasts with analytic grading, [ 3] which takes more factors into account ...
Each IPCC Assessment Report (AR) consists of four volumes: the reports of the three Working Groups (WG1, WG2, and WG3), and a Synthesis Report (SYR). Each volume has a Summary for Policymakers (SPM), and various other chapters and annexes. One of the ways to cite these sources is using short-cite (given below) as "in-line citations", which link ...
A 2021 report published in The Lancet found that climate change does not affect people's health in an equal way. The greatest impact tends to fall on the most vulnerable such as the poor, women, children, the elderly, people with pre-existing health concerns, other minorities and outdoor workers.
The SPM and the full text of Special Report on Climate Change and Land—in an unedited form—were released on 8 August 2019. The report is over 1,300 pages long and includes the work of 107 experts from 52 countries. The report is the second of three Special Reports in the current Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) cycle which began in 2015 and ...