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  2. Pirani gauge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirani_gauge

    Pirani gauge. The Pirani gauge is a robust thermal conductivity gauge used for the measurement of the pressures in vacuum systems. [1] It was invented in 1906 by Marcello Pirani. [2] Marcello Stefano Pirani was a German physicist working for Siemens & Halske which was involved in the vacuum lamp industry. In 1905 their product was tantalum ...

  3. Pressure measurement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_measurement

    Checking tire pressure with a spring and piston tire-pressure gauge. Pressure measurement is the measurement of an applied force by a fluid (liquid or gas) on a surface. Pressure is typically measured in units of force per unit of surface area. Many techniques have been developed for the measurement of pressure and vacuum.

  4. Vacuum pump - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pump

    Vacuum pump. The Roots blower is one example of a vacuum pump. A vacuum pump is a type of pump device that draws gas particles from a sealed volume in order to leave behind a partial vacuum. The first vacuum pump was invented in 1650 by Otto von Guericke, and was preceded by the suction pump, which dates to antiquity.

  5. McLeod gauge - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLeod_gauge

    McLeod gauge. A McLeod gauge is a scientific instrument used to measure very low pressures, down to 10 −6 Torr (0.133 m Pa). It was invented in 1874 by Herbert McLeod (1841–1923). [1] McLeod gauges were once commonly found attached to equipment that operates under vacuum, such as a lyophilizer. Today, however, these gauges have largely been ...

  6. Vacuum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum

    A vacuum (pl.: vacuums or vacua) is space devoid of matter. The word is derived from the Latin adjective vacuus (neuter vacuum) meaning "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. [1]

  7. Ultra-high vacuum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-high_vacuum

    Ultra-high vacuum. Ultra-high vacuum (often spelled ultrahigh in American English, UHV) is the vacuum regime characterised by pressures lower than about 1 × 10 −6 pascals (1.0 × 10 −8 mbar; 7.5 × 10 −9 Torr). UHV conditions are created by pumping the gas out of a UHV chamber. At these low pressures the mean free path of a gas molecule ...

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