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The prism cover test (PCT) is an objective method to measure ocular misalignment or deviation of the eye. It involves using prism bars, occluder, and targets to neutralise the deviation and record the angle and base of the prism.
This x-intercept is also referred to as aligning prism or – in earlier times – as associated phoria when the subjective nonius method was used (sP 0) the slope of the curve near zero prism load; Fig. 3: Fixation disparity as a function of the forced vergence angle which is induced by base-in prisms and base-out prisms in front of the eyes.
From left to right: an accommodative fixation stick, a vertical prism bar, and a horizontal prism bar. The PFR involves placing a prism bar in front of an eye. In a patient with BSV, a natural shift of the eye occurs. When measuring horizontal fusion ranges, base in prisms assess fusional divergence while base out prisms assess fusional ...
A cover test or cover-uncover test is an eye examination to measure ocular deviation. Learn about the alternating and unilateral cover tests, the fixation targets, the characteristics of strabismus and the practical application of the test.
Exophoria is a tendency of the eyes to deviate outward, usually mild and with fusion possible. It can be caused by refractive errors, divergence excess, or convergence insufficiency, and is common in infancy and childhood.
The Maddox rod test is a subjective method to measure horizontal and vertical deviations of the eyes, using a red line and a white light. The double Maddox rod test can also assess torsion and cyclotropias, by comparing the angles of two red lines.
Heterophoria is an eye condition where the eyes are not straight at rest position, but can be aligned by fusion. Learn about the types, signs, symptoms, causes, diagnosis and treatment of heterophoria.
Convergence insufficiency is a binocular vision disorder that affects the ability of the eyes to turn towards each other. It can cause symptoms such as double vision, eye strain, headache, and difficulty reading. Learn about the diagnosis, treatment, and prevalence of convergence insufficiency.