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The Payne Fund Studies were a series of thirteen studies conducted over a four-year period from 1929 to 1933, and later published between 1933 and 1936 which aimed to determine the effects of movies on the behaviour of children and adolescents. [1]
Film is rather unusual as it involves an integration of visual and auditory stimuli. In narrative films, plots are guided by camera placement and movement, dialogue, sound effects, and editing. Some aspects of film are driven by bottom-up or sensory guided factors (such as light, motion or sound), whereas other aspects depend more on top-down ...
The same paper noted that there was a significant negative association between time spent watching television per day as a child and educational attainment by age 26: the more time a child spent watching television at ages 5 to 15, the less likely they were to have a university degree by age 26.
Whether a media message has an effect on any of its audience members is contingent on many factors, including audience demographics and psychological characteristics. These effects can be positive or negative, abrupt or gradual, short-term or long-lasting. Not all effects result in change; some media messages reinforce an existing belief.
Around 95% of young people between the ages of 13–17 use at least one social media platform, [2] making it a major influence on young adolescents. While some authors claim that social media is to blame for the increase in anxiety and depression, most review papers report that the association between the two is weak or inconsistent. [3]
Determining which films should count as the first educational films is controversial. Some researchers suggest that the first educational films were shown in St. Petersburg in 1897, while other studies determined that the first educational films were inspired by the newsreel in 1913. [1]
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People become addicted or dependent on the Internet through excessive computer use that interferes with daily life. Kimberly S. Young [27] links internet addiction disorder with existing mental health issues, most commonly depression. Young states that the disorder has significant effects socially, psychologically and occupationally.