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They are designed as simple spans supporting equally spaced concentrated loads for a floor or roof system. These concentrated loads are considered to act at the panel points of the Joist Girders. These members have been standardized for depths from 20 to 120 inches (510 to 3,050 mm), and spans to 120 feet (37,000 mm).
An 1883 article from The American Architect and Building News compares three alternatives in a hypothetical railway station "in which the second story is devoted to offices, and where we must use girders to support the second floor of 25-foot span, and not less than 12 feet on centres if we can avoid it.
The bending moment diagram and the influence line for bending moment at the centre of the left-hand span, B, are shown. In engineering, an influence line graphs the variation of a function (such as the shear, moment etc. felt in a structural member) at a specific point on a beam or truss caused by a unit load placed at any point along the ...
The staggered truss structural system consists of story-high steel trusses placed on alternating column lines on each floor so that the long axis of one truss is always between the trusses on the floor below. [4] The system staggers trusses on a 12’ module, meaning that on any given floor the trusses were 24’ apart. [2]
Diagram of double tee beam. A double tee or double-T beam is a load-bearing structure that resembles two T-beams connected to each other side by side. The strong bond of the flange (horizontal section) and the two webs (vertical members, also known as stems) creates a structure that is capable of withstanding high loads while having a long span.
Michell structures are structures that are optimal based on the criteria defined by A.G.M. Michell in his frequently referenced 1904 paper. [1]Michell states that “a frame (today called truss) (is optimal) attains the limit of economy of material possible in any frame-structure under the same applied forces, if the space occupied by it can be subjected to an appropriate small deformation ...
The obsolescent eastern span of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. The western span has been retrofitted with bolted plates replacing the lacing for added strength. The eastern span has been replaced. The internal structure of the Statue of Liberty. The sides of the Cape Fear Memorial Bridge. Certain viaducts of the Chicago "L" system.
The bowstring truss design fell out of favor due to a lack of durability, and gave way to the Pratt truss design, which was stronger. Again, the bridge companies marketed their designs, with the Wrought Iron Bridge Company in the lead. As the 1880s and 1890s progressed, steel began to replace wrought iron as the preferred material. Other truss ...