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In other words, a method is called unbiased if the number of seats a state receives is, on average across many elections, equal to its seat entitlement. [18] By this definition, the Webster method is the least-biased apportionment method, [19] while Huntington-Hill exhibits a mild bias towards smaller parties. [18]
The seats-to-votes ratio is used as the basis for the Gallagher index method of analyzing proportionality or disproportionality. Related is the votes-per-seat-won, [3] which is inverse to the seats-to-votes ratio. Also related are the principles of one man one vote and representation by population.
An election threshold can be set to reduce political fragmentation, and any list party which does not receive at least a specified percentage of list votes will not be allocated any seats, even if it received enough votes to have otherwise receive a seat. Examples of countries using the Sainte-Laguë method with a threshold are Germany and New ...
The Gallagher index measures an electoral system's relative disproportionality between votes received and seats in a legislature. [1] [2] As such, it measures the difference between the percentage of votes each party gets and the percentage of seats each party gets in the resulting legislature, and it also measures this disproportionality from all parties collectively in any one given election.
The 52nd seat goes to Texas, the 2nd largest state, because its A 1 priority value is larger than the A n of any other state. The 53rd seat goes back to California because its A 2 priority value is larger than the A n of any other state. The 54th seat goes to New York because its A 1 priority value is larger than the A n of any other state at ...
In French municipal and regional elections, the D'Hondt method is used to attribute a number of council seats; however, a fixed proportion of them (50% for municipal elections, 25% for regional elections) is automatically given to the list with the greatest number of votes, to ensure that it has a working majority: this is called the "majority ...
All parties which won seats in 1999 failed to cross the threshold, thus giving Justice and Development Party 66 percent of the seats. In the Ukrainian elections of March 2006, for which there was a threshold of 3 percent (of the overall vote, i.e. including invalid votes), 22 percent of voters were effectively disenfranchised, having voted for ...
To see how the Hare quota works in an STV election, imagine an election in which there are two seats to be filled and three candidates: Andrea, Brad, and Carter. One hundred voters voted, each casting one vote and marking a back-up preference, to be used only in case the first preference candidate is un-electable or elected with surplus.