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Chloroquine (CQ) then becomes protonated (to CQ 2+), as the digestive vacuole is known to be acidic (pH 4.7); chloroquine then cannot leave by diffusion. Chloroquine caps hemozoin molecules to prevent further biocrystallization of heme, thus leading to heme buildup. Chloroquine binds to heme (or FP) to form the FP-chloroquine complex; this ...
It has a weak blood schizonticidal activity and is not recommended for therapy of acute infection. However it is useful in prophylaxis when combined with atovaquone or chloroquine (in areas where there is no chloroquine resistance). 3 mg/kg is the advised dosage per day, (hence approximate adult dosage is 200 mg). [13]
Oral formulations (under trade name such as Endiaron [2]) are used in infectious diarrhea, disorders of the intestinal microflora (e.g. after antibiotic treatment), giardiasis, inflammatory bowel disease. It is also useful for dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis., [3] as used in shampoos (Capitrol) and dermal creams like (Valpeda, Triaderm).
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malarial medications also used against some auto-immune diseases. [1] Chloroquine, along with hydroxychloroquine, was an early experimental treatment for COVID-19. [2] Neither drug has been useful to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Generally, antibiotics (like azithromycin [150]) are not effective against viruses, only some bacteria. [152] Azithromycin is sometimes given to patients hospitalized with COVID-19, but only to treat bacterial co-infection. Overuse of azithromycin causes antibiotic resistance, and rare side effects include heart arrhythmias and hearing loss ...
Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are anti-malarial medications also used against some auto-immune diseases. [51] Chloroquine, along with hydroxychloroquine, was an early experimental treatment for COVID-19. [52] Neither drug has been useful to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Using chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with remdesivir may reduce the antiviral activity of remdesivir. [ 12 ] [ 10 ] [ 44 ] Coadministration of remdesivir and chloroquine phosphate or hydroxychloroquine sulfate is not recommended based on in vitro data demonstrating an antagonistic effect of chloroquine on the intracellular metabolic ...
Atovaquone/proguanil, sold under the brand name Malarone among others, is a fixed-dose combination medication used to treat and prevent malaria, including chloroquine-resistant malaria. [2] [3] It contains atovaquone and proguanil. [3] It is not recommended for severe or complicated malaria. [3] It is taken by mouth. [3]