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Topaz is a silicate mineral made of aluminum and fluorine with the chemical formula Al 2 Si O 4 (F, OH) 2.It is used as a gemstone in jewelry and other adornments. Common topaz in its natural state is colorless, though trace element impurities can make it pale blue or golden brown to yellow-orange. [7]
Mohs hardness kit, containing one specimen of each mineral on the ten-point hardness scale. The Mohs scale (/ m oʊ z / MOHZ) of mineral hardness is a qualitative ordinal scale, from 1 to 10, characterizing scratch resistance of minerals through the ability of harder material to scratch softer material.
[1] [6] Tourmaline is notable for exhibiting strong pleochroism. Gems are sometimes cut and set either to display pleochroism or to hide it, depending on the colors and their attractiveness. Gems are sometimes cut and set either to display pleochroism or to hide it, depending on the colors and their attractiveness.
Topaz “Coming in a variety of colors, from blue to yellow to white, topaz is symbolically associated with peace, self-worth, and self-confidence,” Salzer says. ... Strong earthquake in Taiwan ...
The short B-N (1.57 Å) bond is close to the diamond C-C bond length (1.54 Å), that results in strong covalent bonding between atoms in the same fashion as in diamond. The slight decrease in covalency for B-N bonds compared to C-C bonds reduces the hardness from ~100 GPa for diamond down to 48 GPa in c-BN.
The Chalmer's Topaz is a topaz gem weighing 5,899.5-carats located in Chicago, Illinois' Grainger Hall of Gems, in the Field Museum of Natural History. It was named for former Field Museum trustee William J. Chalmers and his wife Joan Chalmers, who established a fund used to purchase gemstones for the Field Museum collections. [ 1 ]
Michel-Lévy interference colour chart issued by Zeiss Microscopy. In optical mineralogy, an interference colour chart, also known as the Michel-Levy chart, is a tool first developed by Auguste Michel-Lévy to identify minerals in thin section using a petrographic microscope.
The name moonstone derives from the stone's characteristic visual effect, called adularescence (or schiller), which produces a milky, bluish interior light. This effect is caused by light diffraction through alternating layers of orthoclase and albite within the stone.
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