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Reno: if three duplicate ACKs are received, Reno will perform a fast retransmit and skip the slow start phase by instead halving the congestion window (instead of setting it to 1 MSS like Tahoe), setting the ssthresh equal to the new congestion window, and enter a phase called fast recovery.
TCP Westwood+ significantly increases throughput over wireless links and fairness compared to TCP Reno/New Reno in wired networks. When Saverio Mascolo returned to Italy and "his evolution of Westwood TCP" was named Westwood+. The main novelty of Westwood+ was the algorithm used to estimate the available bandwidth end-to-end.
ssthresh is not mentioned; In Reno cwnd is not halved. ssthresh is often set to cwnd/2, but RFC 2581 recommends setting it to FlightSize/2. Herr Baum 20:31, 9 March 2007 (UTC) full algorithm in tcp tahoe graphs showing the characteristic 'shapes' of window size over time, for congestion avoidance and TCP slow-start.
TCP timestamps, defined in RFC 1323 in 1992, can help TCP determine in which order packets were sent. TCP timestamps are not normally aligned to the system clock and start at some random value. Many operating systems will increment the timestamp for every elapsed millisecond; however, the RFC only states that the ticks should be proportional.
This has two drawbacks. First, low loss probabilities are required to sustain high data rates; in the case of TCP Reno, very low loss probabilities are required, but even new congestion avoidance algorithms such as H-TCP, BIC TCP and HSTCP require loss rates lower than those provided by most wireless wide area networks. Moreover, packet loss ...
Some end-to-end protocols are designed to behave well under congested conditions; TCP is a well known example. The first TCP implementations to handle congestion were described in 1984, [8] but Van Jacobson's inclusion of an open source solution in the Berkeley Standard Distribution UNIX ("BSD") in 1988 first provided good behavior.
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In TCP, after slow start, the additive increase parameter is typically one MSS (maximum segment size) per round-trip time, and the multiplicative decrease factor is typically 1/2. Protocols [ edit ]