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A schematic diagram of the Ebers-Moll models of a PNP BJT. The base, collector and emitter currents are I B, I C and I E, the common-base forward and reverse current gains are α F and α R, and the collector and emitter diode currents are I CD and I ED. Date: 4 August 2010, 05:26 (UTC) Source: Ebers-Moll_Model_PNP.PNG; Author
More complex circuit components can be created by further combinations of p-type and n-type semiconductors; for example, the bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a semiconductor in the form n–p–n or p–n–p. Combinations of such semiconductor devices on a single chip allow for the creation of integrated circuits.
The diagram shows a schematic representation of an NPN transistor connected to two voltage sources. (The same description applies to a PNP transistor with reversed directions of current flow and applied voltage.) This applied voltage causes the lower p–n junction to become forward biased, allowing a flow of electrons from the emitter into the ...
Figure 3: PNP version of the emitter-follower circuit, all polarities are reversed. A small voltage change on the input terminal will be replicated at the output (depending slightly on the transistor's gain and the value of the load resistance; see gain formula below). This circuit is useful because it has a large input impedance
PNP transistor symbol with case (IEEE 315). Note: A little confusing on the BJT page, ... This circuit diagram was created with the Electrical Symbols Library by v.
A typical use of these transistors is as a switch for moderate voltages and currents, including as drivers for small lamps, motors, and relays. [1] In switching circuits, these FETs can be used much like bipolar junction transistors, but have some advantages: high input impedance of the insulated gate means almost no gate current is required
The MOSFET is by far the most widely used transistor for both digital circuits as well as analog circuits, [103] accounting for 99.9% of all transistors in the world. [101] The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was previously the most commonly used transistor during the 1950s to 1960s.
The output is usually connected to an external pull-up resistor, which pulls the output voltage to the resistor's supply voltage when the transistor is off. For PNP open collector outputs, the emitter of the PNP transistor is internally connected to the positive voltage rail, so the collector outputs a high voltage when the transistor is on or ...