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Ectosymbiosis is defined as a symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives on the outside surface of a different organism. [3] For instance, barnacles on whales is an example of an ectosymbiotic relationship where the whale provides the barnacle with a home, a ride, and access to food.
The definition of symbiosis was a matter of debate for 130 years. [7] In 1877, Albert Bernhard Frank used the term symbiosis to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] In 1878, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms".
Essay on the Theory of Symbiogenesis, [14] he wrote, "The theory of symbiogenesis is a theory of selection relying on the phenomenon of symbiosis." [ 15 ] These theories did not gain traction until more detailed electron-microscopic comparisons between cyanobacteria and chloroplasts were made, such as by Hans Ris in 1961 and 1962.
Plant symbionts can be categorized into epiphytic, endophytic, and mycorrhizal. These relations can also be categorized as beneficial, mutualistic , neutral, and pathogenic . [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Microorganisms living as endosymbionts in plants can enhance their host's primary productivity either by producing or capturing important resources. [ 82 ]
Many scientists will look at the hologenome, which is the combined genetic information of the host and its symbionts. These terms are more commonly used to describe microbial symbionts. The type of marine animal vary greatly, for example, sponges, sea squirts, corals, worms, and algae all host a variety of unique symbionts. [5]
In vertical transmission, the hosts and symbionts also share reproductive fate and therefore both suffer from cheating. [6] A cheater is a mutualist who gains more than they get. An extreme example would be an organism who gains from a relationship without giving anything, such as an insect that feeds on nectar without contributing to ...
But the Founders did not mean for powerful men and women far away from the citizens—for people with their own agendas, or for a class of professionals—to perform the patriots’ tasks, or to protect freedom.They meant for us to do it: you,me,the American who delivers your mail, the one who teaches your kids.
There are obligate, those that require the host for survival, and facultative symbionts, those that can survive independently of the host. Symbionts can follow vertical, horizontal, or a mixed mode of transmission to their host. Horizontal, or lateral, transmission describes the acquisition of a facultative symbiont from the environment or from ...