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Speech delay, also known as alalia, refers to a delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech. [1] Speech – as distinct from language – is the actual process of making sounds, using such organs and structures as the lungs, vocal cords, mouth, tongue, teeth, etc. Language delay refers to a delay in the development or use of the knowledge of language.
The anatomical language centers of the brain are the Broca's and Wernicke's area.These two areas include all aspects of the development of language. The Broca's area is the motor portion of language at the left posterior inferior frontal gyrus and involves speech production.
Esophageal speech is a learned skill that requires speech training and much practice. On average it takes 6 months to a year to learn this form of speech. Because of the high level of difficulty in learning esophageal speech, some patients are unable to master the skill. The Voice Quality Symbol for esophageal speech is Œ.
Shriberg (1993) [13] proposed a model for speech sound acquisition known as the Early, Middle, and Late 8 based on 64 children with speech delays ages 3 to 6 years. Shriberg proposed that there were three stages of phoneme development. Using a profile of "consonant mastery" he developed the following: Early 8 – /m, b, j, n, w, d, p, h/
The developmental changes in infants’ vocalizations over the first year of life are influenced by physical developments during that time. Physical growth of the vocal tract, brain development, and development of neurological structures responsible for vocalization are factors for the development of infants’ vocal productions. [1]
Gestures are distinct from manual signs in that they do not belong to a complete language system. [6] For example, pointing through the extension of a body part, especially the index finger to indicate interest in an object is a widely used gesture that is understood by many cultures [7] On the other hand, manual signs are conventionalized—they are gestures that have become a lexical element ...
The vocal production of speech may be associated with the production of hand gestures that act to enhance the comprehensibility of what is being said. [6] The development of speech production throughout an individual's life starts from an infant's first babble and is transformed into fully developed speech by the age of five. [7]
Speech may nevertheless express emotions or desires; people talk to themselves sometimes in acts that are a development of what some psychologists (e.g., Lev Vygotsky) have maintained is the use of silent speech in an interior monologue to vivify and organize cognition, sometimes in the momentary adoption of a dual persona as self addressing ...