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In particle physics, a gauge boson is a bosonic elementary particle that acts as the force carrier for elementary fermions. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Elementary particles whose interactions are described by a gauge theory interact with each other by the exchange of gauge bosons, usually as virtual particles .
A scalar boson is a boson whose spin equals zero. [1] A boson is a particle whose wave function is symmetric under particle exchange and therefore follows Bose–Einstein statistics. The spin–statistics theorem implies that all bosons have an integer-valued spin. [2] Scalar bosons are the subset of bosons with zero-valued spin.
Quantum electrodynamics is an abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) and has one gauge field, the electromagnetic four-potential, with the photon being the gauge boson. The Standard Model is a non-abelian gauge theory with the symmetry group U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) and has a total of twelve gauge bosons: the photon , three weak bosons ...
One scalar boson (spin = 0) H 0 Higgs boson – the particle that contributes to the phenomenon of mass via the Higgs mechanism; Four vector bosons (spin = 1) that act as force carriers. These are the gauge bosons: γ Photon – the force carrier of the electromagnetic field; g Gluons (eight different types) – force carriers that mediate the ...
Standard Model of Particle Physics. The diagram shows the elementary particles of the Standard Model (the Higgs boson, the three generations of quarks and leptons, and the gauge bosons), including their names, masses, spins, charges, chiralities, and interactions with the strong, weak and electromagnetic forces.
Feynman diagram of the fusion of two electroweak vector bosons to the scalar Higgs boson, which is a prominent process of the generation of Higgs bosons at particle accelerators (q: quark particle, W and Z: vector bosons of the electroweak interaction, H 0: Higgs boson) The W and Z particles interact with the Higgs boson as shown in the Feynman ...
boson interacts with both left-handed particles and right-handed antiparticles. These three gauge bosons along with the photons are grouped together, as collectively mediating the electroweak interaction. Gravity: It is currently unexplained in the Standard Model, as the hypothetical mediating particle graviton has been proposed, but not ...
Later around 1967, while investigating spontaneous symmetry breaking, Weinberg found a set of symmetries predicting a massless, neutral gauge boson. Initially rejecting such a particle as useless, he later realized his symmetries produced the electroweak force, and he proceeded to predict rough masses for the W and Z bosons .