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  2. Index of coincidence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_coincidence

    In cryptography, coincidence counting is the technique (invented by William F. Friedman [1]) of putting two texts side-by-side and counting the number of times that identical letters appear in the same position in both texts.

  3. Birthday attack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack

    A birthday attack is a bruteforce collision attack that exploits the mathematics behind the birthday problem in probability theory.This attack can be used to abuse communication between two or more parties.

  4. Mersenne Twister - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_Twister

    The Mersenne Twister is a general-purpose pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) developed in 1997 by Makoto Matsumoto (松本 眞) and Takuji Nishimura (西村 拓士). [1] [2] Its name derives from the choice of a Mersenne prime as its period length.

  5. Euclidean algorithm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_algorithm

    Present methods for prime factorization are also inefficient; many modern cryptography systems even rely on that inefficiency. [11] The binary GCD algorithm is an efficient alternative that substitutes division with faster operations by exploiting the binary representation used by computers. [119] [120] However, this alternative also scales ...