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Hypovolemia, also known as volume depletion or volume contraction, is a state of abnormally low extracellular fluid in the body. [1] This may be due to either a loss of both salt and water or a decrease in blood volume. [2] [3] Hypovolemia refers to the loss of extracellular fluid and should not be confused with dehydration. [4]
Intravascular volume depletion is divided into three types based on the blood sodium level: Isonatremic (normal blood sodium levels) Example: a child with diarrhea, because both water and sodium are lost in diarrhea. Hyponatremic (abnormally low blood sodium levels). Example: a child with diarrhea who has been given tap water to replete ...
Low volume hyponatremia, wherein ADH secretion is stimulated by or associated with volume depletion (not enough water in the body) due to decreased effective circulating volume. [ citation needed ] Acute versus chronic
Hypoosmolar hyponatremia is a condition where hyponatremia is associated with a low plasma osmolality. [1] The term "hypotonic hyponatremia" is also sometimes used.[2]When the plasma osmolarity is low, the extracellular fluid volume status may be in one of three states: low volume, normal volume, or high volume.
Volume contraction is a decrease in the volume of body fluid, including the dissolved substances that maintain osmotic balance . The loss of the water component of body fluid is specifically termed dehydration .
Low urinary sodium is commonly found in hypovolemic patients as the kidneys attempt to conserve sodium and water to expand the extracellular volume. However, sodium urine can be low in a euvolemic patient with heart failure, cirrhosis, or nephrotic syndrome. Fractional excretion of sodium under 1% is also suggestive of volume depletion.
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In such cases, decreased ECV may lead to volume depletion responses and edema. [citation needed] Decreased ECV can stimulate renin secretion or stimulate a sympathetic nervous system response or prostaglandin release (all of which help mediate renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate among other things). [citation needed]