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Jewish slave owners were found mostly in business or domestic settings, rather than on plantations, so most of the slave ownership was in an urban context—running a business or as domestic servants. [159] [160] Jewish slave owners freed their black slaves at about the same rate as non-Jewish slave owners. [13]
Jews in the South were influenced by many aspects of Southern culture, including food and cuisine. Some early immigrants chose to follow strict kashrut dietary laws while others did not. Regardless, over time many Jewish families adapted their diets to the further assimilate to the Southern culture around them. [14]
Before the Civil War, Jewish slave ownership practices in the Southern United States were governed by regional practices, rather than Judaic law. [190] [191] [192] Many Southern Jews held the view that Black people were subhumans fit only for slavery, which was also the predominant view held by many of their non-Jewish Southern Christian ...
However, there were not many Jews in the South, and Jews accounted for only 1.25% of all Southern slave owners. [47] In 1861, Raphall published his views in a treatise called "The Bible View of Slavery". [ 48 ]
Jewish participation in the slave trade itself was also regulated by the Talmud. Fear of apostasy lead to the Talmudic discouragement of the sale of Jewish slaves to non-Jews, [50] although loans were allowed; [51] similarly slave trade with Tyre was only to be for the purpose of removing slaves from non-Jewish religion. [52]
Historians estimate that 58% of enslaved women in the U.S. aged 15–30 years were sexually assaulted by their slave owners and other white men. [217] As a result of centuries of slavery and such relationships, DNA studies have shown that the vast majority of African Americans also have historic European ancestry, generally through paternal lines.
Phillips addressed the unprofitability of slave labor and slavery's ill effects on the Southern economy. An example of pioneering comparative work was A Jamaica Slave Plantation (1914). [ 10 ] [ non-primary source needed ] His methods inspired the "Phillips school" of slavery studies, between 1900 and 1950.
The Three-fifths Compromise was an agreement reached during the 1787 United States Constitutional Convention over the inclusion of slaves in a state's total population. This count would determine: the number of seats in the House of Representatives; the number of electoral votes each state would be allocated; and how much money the states would pay in taxes.