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Under ideal conditions the common internal combustion engine burns the fuel/air mixture in the cylinder in an orderly and controlled fashion. The combustion is started by the spark plug some 10 to 40 crankshaft degrees prior to top dead center (TDC), depending on many factors including engine speed and load.
Low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI), also known as stochastic pre-ignition (SPI), [1] is a pre-ignition event that occurs in gasoline vehicle engines when there is a premature ignition of the main fuel charge. [2] LSPI is most common in certain turbocharged direct-injection vehicles operating in low-speed and high-load driving conditions. [3]
Pressure in cylinder pattern in dependence on ignition timing: (a) - misfire, (b) too soon, (c) optimal, (d) too late. In a spark ignition internal combustion engine, ignition timing is the timing, relative to the current piston position and crankshaft angle, of the release of a spark in the combustion chamber near the end of the compression stroke.
The reduced engine speeds allow more time for autoignition chemistry to complete thus promoting the possibility of pre-ignition and so called "mega-knock". Under these circumstances, there is still significant debate as to the sources of the pre-ignition event. [3] Pre-ignition and engine knock both sharply increase combustion chamber temperatures.
The engine operates in HCCI mode at speeds below 60 miles per hour (97 km/h) or when cruising, switching to conventional SI when the throttle is opened and produces fuel economy of 43 miles per imperial gallon (6.6 L/100 km; 36 mpg ‑US) and carbon dioxide emissions of about 150 grams per kilometre, improving on the 37 miles per imperial ...
Its purpose was to permit high levels of boost pressure in multiple-stage turbochargers, and thus high power at high altitudes, without causing detonation that would destroy the engine. The high pressures brought high temperatures of inlet air, making engines prone to knock. This use and storage stabilization methods were important military ...
In a diesel engine, the torque and the rotational speed are controlled by means of quality torque manipulation. This means that, with each intake stroke, the engine draws in air which is not mixed with fuel; the fuel is injected into the cylinder after its contents have been compressed during the compression stroke. The high air temperature ...
In a reciprocating engine, the use of water injection, also called anti-detonation injection or ADI, is used to prevent engine knocking also known as "detonation". [3] Commonly found on large radial engines with pressure carburetors, it is a mixture of water and alcohol injected into the carburetor at high power settings.
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