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Iron deposition is prevalent in siderotic brain tissues, with iron concentrations of 1.79 to 8.26 times normal levels. Ferritin , an iron storage protein, is over-produced in response to excess heme by glial cells in order to sequester iron, with production ranging from 20.1 to 27.4 times normal levels.
Cerebral edema is a potentially life-threatening complication of severely decreased sodium ion concentration in the blood (hyponatremia). [17] Ionic brain edema can also occur around the sites of brain hemorrhages, infarcts, or contusions due to a local plasma osmolality pressure gradient when compared to the high osmolality in the affected tissue.
However this is unreliable as method of diagnosis since some patients show typical serum ferritin levels even at the latest stages of neuroferritinopathy. [1] Cerebral spinal fluid tests also are typically normal. [8] Ferritin aggregates found in the skin, liver, kidney and muscle tissues may help in diagnosing neuroferritinopathy. [8]
Edema may be described as pitting edema or non-pitting edema. [32] Pitting edema is when, after pressure is applied to a small area, the indentation persists after the release of the pressure. Peripheral pitting edema, as shown in the illustration, is the more common type, resulting from water retention.
[34] [35] [36] In premenopausal females, normal range of serum ferritin is between 12 and 150 [34] or 200 [35] ng/mL (330 or 440 pmol/L). [36] In those with hemochromatosis, the serum ferritin level correlates with the degree of iron overload. [7] Ferritin levels are usually monitored serially in those with hemochromatosis to assess response to ...
The brain is relatively poorly supplied by oxygen as a result of mild hypoventilation during the sleeping hours leading to hypercapnia and vasodilation. Cerebral edema may worsen during the night due to the lying position. The headache is worse on coughing, sneezing, or bending, and progressively worsens over time.
Lee's death was officially ruled the result of cerebral edema — swelling of the brain. While a normal human brain is about 3 pounds, Lee's was reportedly closer to 3½ pounds.
Serum ferritin levels reflect the iron stores available in the body. [4] The normal range is 20 to 200 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) for men and 15 to 150 ng/mL for women. [8] Low levels (< 12 ng/mL) are specific for iron deficiency. [4]