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Chloramphenicol is an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. [5] This includes use as an eye ointment to treat conjunctivitis. [6] By mouth or by injection into a vein, it is used to treat meningitis, plague, cholera, and typhoid fever. [5]
Origin language and etymology Example(s) a-, an-not, without (alpha privative) Greek ἀ-/ἀν-(a-/an-), not, without analgesic, apathy, anencephaly: ab-from; away from Latin abduction, abdomen: abdomin-of or relating to the abdomen: Latin abdōmen, abdomen, fat around the belly abdomen, abdominal -ac: pertaining to; one afflicted with
Examples of amphenicols include chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, azidamfenicol, and florfenicol. The first-in-class compound was chloramphenicol, introduced in 1949. Chloramphenicol was initially discovered as a natural product and isolated from the soil bacteria Streptomyces venezuelae; [2] however, all amphenicols are now made by chemical ...
Antibiotics used in combination may also be antagonistic and the combined effects of the two antibiotics may be less than if one of the antibiotics was given as a monotherapy. [71] For example, chloramphenicol and tetracyclines are antagonists to penicillins. However, this can vary depending on the species of bacteria. [74]
Chloramphenicol is used successfully in many parts of the world, but contains a black box warning in the United States due to concerns about aplastic anemia, which on rare occasions can be fatal. Antibiotics are normally given to people with multiple styes or with styes that do not seem to heal, and to people who have blepharitis or rosacea .
[3] [8] [48] Chloramphenicol, either alone or in combination with ampicillin, however, appears to work equally well. [73] Empirical therapy may be chosen on the basis of the person's age, whether the infection was preceded by a head injury, whether the person has undergone recent neurosurgery and whether or not a cerebral shunt is present. [8]
CAT is used as a reporter system to measure the level of a promoter or its tissue-specific expression. The CAT assay involves monitoring acetylation of radioactively labeled chloramphenicol on a TLC plate; CAT activity is determined by looking for the acetylated forms of chloramphenicol, which have a significantly increased migration rate as compared to the unacetylated form.
Thiamphenicol is also widely used in Brazil, particularly for the treatment of sexually transmitted infections such as pelvic inflammatory disease. [3] Unlike chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol is not readily metabolized in cattle, poultry, sheep, or humans, but is predominantly excreted unchanged.