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Influenza hemagglutinin (HA) or haemagglutinin [p] (British English) is a homotrimeric glycoprotein found on the surface of influenza viruses and is integral to its infectivity. Hemagglutinin is a class I fusion protein , [ 1 ] [ 2 ] having multifunctional activity as both an attachment factor and membrane fusion protein .
A general procedure for HA is as follows, a serial dilution of virus is prepared across the rows in a U or V- bottom shaped 96-well microtiter plate. [5] The most concentrated sample in the first well is often diluted to be 1/5x of the stock, and subsequent wells are typically two-fold dilutions (1/10, 1/20, 1/40, etc.).
The structure of the influenza virus neuraminidase. [2] Structure of Influenza, showing neuraminidase marked as NA and hemagglutinin as HA Influenza virus replication, showing how in step 6 the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins incorporated into the host cell's membrane are used to escape.
The HA-tag is a protein tag derived from the human influenza hemagglutinin (HA) protein, which allows the virus to target and enter host cells. An HA-tag is composed of a peptide derived from the HA-molecule corresponding to amino acids 98-106, which can be recognized and selectively bound by commercially available antibodies .
Influenza strains are named for the specific hemagglutinin variant they produce, along with the specific variant of another surface protein, neuraminidase. These hemagglutinins are subject to rapid evolution via antigenic shift and drift in the influenza avian reservoir. This results in new subtype of hemagglutinins being created frequently ...
Subtypes of IAV are defined by the combination of the antigenic H and N proteins in the viral envelope; for example, "H1N1" designates an IAV subtype that has a type-1 hemagglutinin (H) protein and a type-1 neuraminidase (N) protein. [7] Almost all possible combinations of H (1 through 16) and N (1 through 11) have been isolated from wild birds ...
A H5N1 vaccine is an influenza vaccine intended to provide immunization to influenza A virus subtype H5N1. Vaccination of poultry against the avian H5N1 influenza epizootic is widespread in certain countries. [6] [7] Some vaccines also exist for use in humans, and others are in testing. As of July 2024 these include Aflunov, Celldemic and ...
The hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion protein has co-and post-translational modification, such as N-glycosylation, disulfide bond formation, S-acylation and proteolytic cleavage into HEF1 and HEF2 subunits. [2] The HEF protein of influenza C virus has only one stearate attached to a transmembrane cysteine. Whereas HA of influenza A and B virus are ...