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A personal union is a combination of two or more monarchical states that have the same monarch while their boundaries, laws, and interests remain distinct. [1] A real union, by contrast, involves the constituent states being to some extent interlinked, such as by sharing some limited governmental institutions.
The Commonwealth was established as a single entity by the Union of Lublin on 1 July 1569. The two nations had previously been in a personal union since the Krewo Agreement of 1385 (Polish–Lithuanian union) and the subsequent marriage of Queen Jadwiga of Poland to Grand Duke Jogaila of Lithuania, who was crowned jure uxoris King of Poland.
Painting commemorating Polish–Lithuanian union; ca. 1861. The motto reads "Eternal union".. The Polish–Lithuanian union was a relationship created by a series of acts and alliances between the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that lasted for prolonged periods of time from 1385 and led to the creation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or the "Republic ...
When the personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 and Ernst August ascended to the crown of Hanover, he replaced their uniforms with Prussian Army-style ones, which included the pickelhaube spiked helmet for his Guard Corps. [9] By 1866 they wore a more Austrian style of uniform, with only the guard corps keeping the Prussian one.
The Polish–Lithuanian–Muscovite Commonwealth was a proposed state that would have been based on a personal union between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia. A number of serious attempts by various means to create such a union took place between 1574 and 1658 and in the late 18th century, but it never materialized ...
The Kalmar Union [a] was a personal union in Scandinavia, agreed at Kalmar in Sweden as designed by Queen Margaret of Denmark. From 1397 to 1523, [1] it joined under a single monarch the three kingdoms of Denmark, Sweden (then including much of present-day Finland), and Norway, together with Norway's overseas colonies [b] (then including Iceland, Greenland, [c] the Faroe Islands, and the ...
Lithuanian noblemen, including the Radvila family, attempted to break the personal union with Poland. [19] However, unsuccessful wars with the Grand Duchy of Moscow forced the union to remain intact. Eventually, the Union of Lublin of 1569 created a new state, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The duchy was held in personal union by Napoleon's ally, Frederick Augustus I of Saxony, who became the duke of Warsaw and remained a legitimate candidate for the Polish throne. Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia , Napoleon seemingly abandoned the duchy, and it was left to be occupied by Prussian and Russian troops until 1815, when ...