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Wattle and daub is a composite building method used for making walls and buildings, in which a woven lattice of wooden strips called "wattle" is "daubed" with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, and straw. Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6,000 years and is still an important construction method ...
Wattle and daub has been used for at least 6,000 years, and is still an important construction material in many parts of the world. The technique is similar to modern lath and plaster , a common building material for wall and ceiling surfaces, in which a series of nailed wooden strips are covered with plaster smoothed into a flat surface.
Isometric sectional construction view of bamboo-mud wall. Bamboo-mud wall is a common filling in wood frame walls found in Taiwan. Bamboo wattle reinforce mud wall structure by weaving themselves together, including thicker, wider horizontal strips called lî-kīng (籬梗) and thinner, narrower horizontal strips called lî-á (籬仔).
In December 2015, construction of a new paint shop for Line 1 began, costing US$210 million. The new facility has an annual capacity of 229,000 units. When completed in December 2017, it would be the most energy-efficient paint line of the company's auto production network in U.S. and add 300,000-square-foot to Marysville plant.
The earliest known type of infill, called opus craticum by the Romans, was a wattle and daub type construction. [7] Opus craticum is now confusingly applied to a Roman stone/mortar infill as well. Similar methods to wattle and daub were also used and known by various names, such as clam staff and daub, cat-and-clay, or torchis (French), to name ...
In Cahokia, now in Illinois, USA, wattle and daub houses were built with the floor lowered by 1 to 3 feet (0.30 to 0.91 m) below the ground. A variant of the technique is called bajareque in Colombia. [55] In prehistoric Britain simple circular wattle and daub shelters were built wherever adequate clay was available. [57]
Wattle and daub might be the oldest composite materials, at over 6000 years old. [ 10 ] Woody plants , both true wood from trees and such plants as palms and bamboo , yield natural composites that were used prehistorically by humankind and are still used widely in construction and scaffolding.
Ford took direct control of agencies in New York and Philadelphia in 1905 and the following year established company-owned branches in Boston, Buffalo, Cleveland, Chicago, St. Louis, and Kansas City, initially in leased buildings. Ford branches also sold Ford cars in addition to assembling vehicles for delivery to dealerships.