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In contemporary South Africa, Boer and Afrikaner have often been used interchangeably. [dubious – discuss] Afrikaner directly translated means African, and thus refers to all Afrikaans-speaking people in Africa who have their origins in the Cape Colony founded by Jan Van Riebeeck. Boer is a specific group within the larger Afrikaans-speaking ...
Typical symptoms of active TB are chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. [1] Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms. [8] Tuberculosis is spread from one person to the next through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough, spit, speak, or sneeze.
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) is a form of tuberculosis caused by bacteria that are resistant to some of the most effective anti-TB drugs. XDR-TB strains have arisen after the mismanagement of individuals with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Almost one in four people in the world is infected with TB bacteria. [1]
South Africa, one of the world's most unequal countries with a large population vulnerable to the new coronavirus, may have an advantage in the outbreak, honed during years battling HIV and ...
The pills are especially important for South Africa, where TB killed more than 50,000 people in 2021, making it the country’s leading cause of death. ... Terblanche estimated about 14 million ...
"HIV infection is the greatest known risk factor for the progression of latent M. tuberculosis infection to active TB. In many African countries, 30–60% of all new TB cases occur in people with HIV, and TB is the leading cause of death globally for HIV-infected people." [10]
Mycobacterium africanum is a species of Mycobacterium that is most commonly found in West African countries, where it is estimated to cause up to 40% of pulmonary tuberculosis. [2] The symptoms of infection resemble those of M. tuberculosis. It is a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. [3]
The majority of the known strains of this group have been isolated from the Horn of Africa. The ancestor of M. tuberculosis appears to be M. canettii, first described in 1969. [60] The established members of the M. tuberculosis complex are all clonal in their spread. The main human-infecting species have been classified into seven lineages.