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Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicle's emission. However, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and increased use of each vehicle (an effect known as the Jevons paradox). [3] Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles have been considerably studied. [5]
Less CO 2 emissions than fossil-fuelled cars, thus limiting climate change [8] As almost all electric cars have regenerative braking brake pads can be used less frequently than in non-electric cars, and may thus sometimes produce less particulate pollution than brakes in non-electric cars.
The Clean Air Act of 1963 (CAA) was passed as an extension of the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955, encouraging the federal government via the United States Public Health Service under the then-Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) to encourage research and development towards reducing pollution and working with states to establish their own emission reduction programs.
These externalities include factors such as air pollution, noise, traffic congestion, and road maintenance costs, which affect the broader community and environment. Additionally, these externalities contribute to social injustice, as disadvantaged communities often bear a disproportionate share of these negative impacts.
Vehicle emissions control is the study of reducing the emissions produced by motor vehicles, especially internal combustion engines. The primary emissions studied include hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and sulfur oxides.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates of average passenger car emissions in the United States for April 2000 [3] Component Emission Rate Annual pollution emitted Hydrocarbons 2.80 grams/mile (1.75 g/km) 77.1 pounds (35.0 kg) Carbon monoxide 20.9 grams/mile (13.06 g/km) 575 pounds (261 kg) NO x: 1.39 grams/mile (0.87 g/km)
Emissions from road dust suspension depend on a vehicle's speed, size, shape, porosity, amount of dust on road surfaces, and weather conditions. Considerable uncertainty remains regarding the amount of PM emitted by non-exhaust sources in real-world driving conditions and how this amount varies with the abovementioned factors.
Roadway air dispersion is applied to highway segments. Roadway air dispersion modeling is the study of air pollutant transport from a roadway or other linear emitter. Computer models are required to conduct this analysis, because of the complex variables involved, including vehicle emissions, vehicle speed, meteorology, and terrain geometry.