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Laozi (601 BCE–531 BCE) (Founder of Philosophical Taoism) [1] Wenzi (c. 5th century BCE) Lie Yukou (Liezi) (c. 400 BCE) [1] Zhuang Zi (Chuang Tzu) (c. 4th century BCE) [1] Guiguzi (c. 2nd century BCE) Yang Xiong (53 BCE–18) Maming Sheng (c. 100) Yin Changsheng (120–210) Wei Boyang (151–221) Ge Xuan (164–244) Zhang Jiao (d. 184) [1 ...
Ancient commentaries on the Tao Te Ching are important texts in their own right. Perhaps the oldest one, the Heshang Gong commentary, was most likely written in the 2nd century CE. [309] Other important commentaries include the one from Wang Bi and the Xiang'er commentary. [310]
Taoism evolved in response to changing times, with its doctrine and associated practices being revised and refined. The acceptance of Taoism by the ruling class has waxed and waned, alternately enjoying periods of favor and rejection. Most recently, Taoism has emerged from a period of suppression and is undergoing a revival in China.
The Tao Te Ching [note 1] (traditional Chinese: 道德經; simplified Chinese: 道德经) or Laozi is a Chinese classic text and foundational work of Taoism traditionally credited to the sage Laozi, though the text's authorship, date of composition and date of compilation are debated. [7]
In religious Taoism, the theory of how Tao produces One, Two, and Three is also explained. In Tao produces One—Wuji produces Taiji, which represents the Great Tao, embodied by Hundun ( Chinese : 混沌無極元始天王 ; pinyin : Hùndùn Wújí Yuánshǐ Tiānwáng , "Heavenly King of the Never-ending Primordial Beginning") at a time of pre ...
The Zhuangzi (historically romanized Chuang Tzŭ) is an ancient Chinese text that is one of the foundational texts of Taoism, alongside the Tao Te Ching, Neiye, Wenzi and Liezi. It was written during the late Warring States period (476–221 BC) and is named for its traditional author, Zhuang Zhou , who is customarily known as "Zhuangzi ...
Daoism (or Taoism) is a philosophy centered on living in harmony with the Dao (Tao) (Chinese: 道; pinyin: Dào; lit. 'Way'), which is believed to be the source, pattern and substance of all matter. [9] Its origin can be traced back to the late 4th century B.C.E. and the main thinkers representative of this teaching are Laozi and Zhuang Zhou. [6]
Zhang Ling [a] (simplified Chinese: 张陵; traditional Chinese: 張陵; pinyin: Zhāng Líng; Wade–Giles: Chang Ling; traditionally 22 February 34–10 October 156 [1]), courtesy name Fuhan (simplified Chinese: 辅汉; traditional Chinese: 輔漢), was a Chinese religious leader who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty credited with founding the Way of the Celestial Masters sect of Taoism ...