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In addition to the stories listed below, many versions begin with a prelude in which a king bewails the stupidity of his sons, and the wise Vishnu Sharma [6] (the Panchatantra's reputed author) bets that he can teach them statecraft in a mere 6 months; the tales constitute his lesson.
He also wrote successful 'laghu katha's' [mini stories] from the 50s, through the 80s. His short stories of 60's, 70's and even 80's became immensely popular and received a dedicated readership. His writings got translated into various languages including English, Urdu, Punjabi and Kannada.
This was a popular work that played an early role in the development of Literary Hindi and was selected as a Hindustani test-book for military service students in the East India Company. [12] Thus it became the basis of several Hindi editions, and Indian vernacular and English translations; many of these frequently reprinted.
The story appears in Indian textbooks, and its adaptions also appear in moral education books such as The Joy of Living. [5] The story has been adapted into several plays and other performances. Asi-Te-Karave Yied (2008) is a Kashmiri adaption of the story by Shehjar Children's Theatre Group, Srinagar. [6]
Andher Nagri is a six-act play written by Indian Hindi writer Bhartendu Harishchandra in 1881. It satirizes autocratic government by an incompetent ruler. [ 1 ] Bhartendu composed it in a single day for the Hindu National Theater in Banaras .
Katha (or Kathya) is an Indian style of religious storytelling, performances of which are a ritual event in Hinduism. It often involves priest -narrators ( kathavachak or vyas ) who recite stories from Hindu religious texts , such as the Puranas , the Ramayana or Bhagavata Purana , followed by a commentary ( Pravachan ).
The book four of the Panchatantra is a simpler compilation of ancient moral-filled fables. These, states Olivelle, teach messages such as "a bird in hand is worth two in the bush". [ 43 ] They caution the reader to avoid succumbing to peer pressure and cunning intent wrapped in soothing words.
Nirmala [a] is a Hindi novel written by Indian writer Munshi Premchand. The melodramatic novel is centered on Nirmala, a young girl who was forced to marry a widower of her father's age. The plot unfolds to reveal her husband's suspicion of a relationship between her and his eldest son, a suspicion that leads to the son's death.