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Recurring cultural, political, and theological rejection of evolution by religious groups [a] exists regarding the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and of other life. In accordance with creationism, species were once widely believed to be fixed products of divine creation, but since the mid-19th century, evolution by natural selection has been established by the scientific community as an ...
An example in Christianity would be the earlier writings by Saint Augustine (4th century), [7] though he later rejected allegory in favor of literal interpretation. [ citation needed ] By this Augustine meant that in Genesis 1 the terms "light", "day", and "morning" hold a spiritual, rather than physical, meaning, and that this spiritual ...
Evolution:The History of an Idea. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23693-6. Darwin, Charles (1872). The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life (6th ed.). London: John Murray. ISBN 978-1-904633-78-5. Endersby, Jim (2007). A Guinea Pig's History of Biology.
The history of biology traces the study of the living world from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of biology as a single coherent field arose in the 19th century, the biological sciences emerged from traditions of medicine and natural history reaching back to Ayurveda, ancient Egyptian medicine and the works of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world.
Evolutionary thought, the recognition that species change over time and the perceived understanding of how such processes work, has roots in antiquity. With the beginnings of modern biological taxonomy in the late 17th century, two opposed ideas influenced Western biological thinking: essentialism, the belief that every species has essential characteristics that are unalterable, a concept ...
A campaign ensued, urging schools to teach the "fact" of evolution, [18] and in the 1960s, the federally supported Biological Sciences Curriculum Study [19] biology text books were introduced, promoting evolution as the organizing principle of biology. [20] The belief in the power of science amongst biologists was running especially high: One ...
Biological determinism, also known as genetic determinism, [1] is the belief that human behaviour is directly controlled by an individual's genes or some component of their physiology, generally at the expense of the role of the environment, whether in embryonic development or in learning. [2]
In terms of religion and science, 85% of evangelical scientists saw no conflict (73% collaboration, 12% independence), while 75% of the whole scientific population saw no conflict (40% collaboration, 35% independence). [232] Religious beliefs of US professors were examined using a nationally representative sample of more than 1,400 professors.