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RFID is synonymous with track-and-trace solutions, and has a critical role to play in supply chains. RFID is a code-carrying technology, and can be used in place of a barcode to enable non-line of sight-reading. Deployment of RFID was earlier inhibited by cost limitations but the usage is now increasing.
It is a unique ID number or code assigned to a package or parcel. The tracking number is typically printed on the shipping label as a bar code that can be scanned by anyone with a bar code reader or smartphone. In the United States, some of the carriers using tracking numbers include UPS, [1] FedEx, [2] and the United States Postal Service. [3]
The service became quickly popular: for UPS the number of packages tracked on the web increased from 600 a day in 1995 [9] to 3.3 million a day in 1999. [10] On-line package tracking became available for all major carrier companies, and was improved by the emergence of websites that offered consolidated tracking for different mail carriers. [11]
The basic MarineTraffic service can be used without cost; more advanced functions such as satellite-based tracking are available subject to payment. [3] The site has six million unique visitors on a monthly basis. In April 2015, the service had 600,000 registered users. [4] [5]
It is the responsibility of shippers, their agents, or freight forwarders to obtain the ECTN from authorized entities in the country of origin. [9] Non-compliance attracts penalties. While shippers bear the primary responsibility, importers, shipping lines, and other involved parties also play significant roles.
The automatic identification system (AIS) is an automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships and is used by vessel traffic services (VTS). When satellites are used to receive AIS signatures, the term Satellite-AIS (S-AIS) is used.
Freight transport, also referred to as freight forwarding, is the physical process of transporting commodities and merchandise goods and cargo. [1] The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English , it has been extended to refer to transport by land or air (International English: "carriage") as well.
Freight transport by sea has been widely used throughout recorded history. The advent of aviation has diminished the importance of sea travel for passengers, though it is still popular for short trips and pleasure cruises. Transport by water is cheaper than transport by air or ground, [1] but significantly slower for longer distances.