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During pregnancy, a woman's mass increases by about 12 kg (26 lb). [39] The European Food Safety Authority recommends an increase of 300 mL per day compared to the normal intake for non-pregnant women, taking the total adequate water intake (from food and fluids) to 2,300 mL, or approximately 1,850 mL/ day from fluids alone. [40]
Their babies are least likely to either be low-birth weight or high-birth weight. It is advised that women with a normal weight before pregnancy should gain a total of 11.5 kilograms to 16.0 kilograms throughout gestation, which is approximately 0.4 kilogram per week in the second and third trimesters. [5]
Women need, on average, 1800–2200 kilocalories (kcal) a day whereas children need 1500–2000 kcal and men 2200–2700 kcal. [2] In March 2009, the European Food Safety Authority published its opinion on intake levels for Europe and they were consistent with numbers behind the GDAs developed in the UK.
alpha-Linolenic acid, an omega-3 fatty acid (polyunsaturated) (A type of fat) 1.6 g/day 1.1 g/day Vegetable oils: (Linseed oil , hemp oil , canola oil), chia seed, hemp seed, walnut, soybeans: Trans fatty acids (A type of fat) As low as possible [20] Partially hydrogenated fat, margarine: Saturated fatty acids (A type of fat)
The National Academy of Medicine recommends that adults get 1.1 to 1.6 grams of omega-3s per day to ensure nutritional adequacy. “Aim for two servings of fatty fish (8 to 12 ounces) each week ...
A 2021 review found that diets high in saturated fat were associated with higher mortality from all causes, as well as from cardiovascular disease. [32] A 2023 review by the World Health Organization found convincing evidence that higher saturated fat consumption is associated with higher coronary heart disease incidence and mortality. [33]
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Nutritionally, pregnant women require a caloric increase of 350 kcal/day and an increase in protein to 70 or 75 g/day. [ citation needed ] There is also an increased folate requirement from 0.4 to 0.8 mg/day (important in preventing neural tube defects ).