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Land navigation is the discipline of following a route through unfamiliar terrain on foot or by vehicle, using maps with reference to terrain, a compass, and other navigational tools. [1] It is distinguished from travel by traditional groups, such as the Tuareg [ 2 ] across the Sahara and the Inuit [ 3 ] across the Arctic , who use subtle cues ...
A navigation system on an oil tanker. Navigation [1] is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. [2] The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, [3] marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation. [1]
Survey of Pakistan (Urdu: مساحتِ پاکستان, romanized: masāhat-e-pākistān) is the sole national mapping and land surveying government agency of Pakistan. Its head of department is titled as "Surveyor General of Pakistan". [1]
A shujra or shujrah is a detailed village map that is used for legal (land ownership) and administrative purposes in India and Pakistan. A shujra maps out the village lands into land parcels and gives each parcel a unique number. [1] [2] The patwari (or village accountant) maintains a record for each one of these parcels in documents called ...
Road sign leading to Hyderabad Traffic logo in Naran. Road signs in Pakistan are modelled on the British road sign system, with an exceptional difference being that they are bilingual and contain messages in Urdu, the national language, and English, and in some cases, the local regional or provincial languages.
Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.
Polynesian wayfinding refers to the use of traditional wayfinding and navigation methods by the indigenous peoples of Polynesia. [3] The ancient Polynesians and Pacific Islanders mastered the methods of wayfinding to explore and settle on the islands of the Pacific, many using devices such as the Marshall Islands stick chart. With these skills ...
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) is a map projection system for assigning coordinates to locations on the surface of the Earth.Like the traditional method of latitude and longitude, it is a horizontal position representation, which means it ignores altitude and treats the earth surface as a perfect ellipsoid.