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Communication can be defined as the process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another (Keyton, 2011). The word communication is derived from the Latin word, communis, which means common. The definition underscores the fact that unless a common understanding results from the
downward communication flows. Communication should travel in both directions through the formal school organization hierarchy. Unfortunately, communication from the bottom does not flow as freely as communication from the top. Some barriers to effective upward communication in a school are as follows (Cheney, 2011). 1.
nonverbal communication to occur. We communicate by our manner of dress and appearance, the automobile we drive, and the office we occupy. Nonverbal communication comes in many forms. The four kinds of nonverbal communication are kinesics, proxemics, paralanguage, and chronemics (Hickson, 2010).
and communication. President Roosevelt effectively used both position and personality. Presidents Bush 41 and 43 and Obama’s leadership tends to coincide with the Truman-Johnson model. Figure 1 summarizes the relationship between power, influence, and leadership.
Definition and Characteristics The culture of an organization is all the beliefs, feelings, behaviors, and symbols that are characteristic of an organization. More specifically, organizational culture is defined as shared philosophies, ideologies, beliefs, feelings, assumptions, expectations, attitudes, norms, and values (Schein, 2011).
authority, and communication with little shared decision making (high centralization). Each functional role requires precise definitions of rights and obligations and technical methods (high formalization). These schools emphasize status differences between
Mutual adjustment exists when work is coordinated through informal communication. Mutual adjustment or coordination is the major thrust of Likert’s (1987) “linking-pin” concept. The third basic dimension of an organization is the type of decentralization it employs. The three types of decentralization are the following:
circle of communication. In contrast, out-group members are outside the leader’s inner circle, receive less attention and fewer rewards, and are managed by formal rules and policies. In this article, I discuss how the leader-member exchange theory works; research findings; managerial implications of the theory; and how to build
Create and implement a communication strategy that consistently communicates the new vision and strategic plan. 5. Empower broad-based action Eliminate barriers to change, and use target elements of change to transform the organization. Encourage risk taking and creative problem solving. 6. Generate short-term wins.
means that would permit greater precision of communication with respect to educational objectives. The taxonomy was this means. The taxonomy is a scheme for classifying educational objectives into categories descriptive of the kinds of behavior that educators seek from students in schools. It is