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Polyphenols (/ ˌ p ɒ l i ˈ f iː n oʊ l,-n ɒ l /) are a large family of naturally occurring phenols. [1] They are abundant in plants and structurally diverse. [1] [2] [3] Polyphenols include phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannic acid, and ellagitannin, some of which have been used historically as dyes and for tanning garments.
The main source of polyphenols is dietary, since they are found in a wide array of phytochemical-bearing foods.For example, honey; most legumes; fruits such as apples, blackberries, blueberries, cantaloupe, pomegranate, cherries, cranberries, grapes, pears, plums, raspberries, aronia berries, and strawberries (berries in general have high polyphenol content [5]) and vegetables such as broccoli ...
All 11 are necessary for life. The remaining elements are trace elements, of which more than a dozen are thought on the basis of good evidence to be necessary for life. [1] All of the mass of the trace elements put together (less than 10 grams for a human body) do not add up to the body mass of magnesium, the least common of the 11 non-trace ...
Natural phenols are a class of molecules found in abundance in plants. Many common foods contain rich sources of polyphenols which have antioxidant properties only in test tube studies. As interpreted by the Linus Pauling Institute, dietary polyphenols have little or no direct antioxidant food value following digestion. [7]
isoflavonoids, derived from 3-phenylchromen-4-one (3-phenyl-1,4-benzopyrone) structure; neoflavonoids, derived from 4-phenylcoumarin (4-phenyl-1,2-benzopyrone) structure; The three flavonoid classes above are all ketone-containing compounds and as such, anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols). [1] This class was the first to be termed bioflavonoids.
[11] The phenolic unit can be found dimerized or further polymerized, creating a new class of polyphenol. For example, ellagic acid is a dimer of gallic acid and forms the class of ellagitannins, or a catechin and a gallocatechin can combine to form the red compound theaflavin , a process that also results in the large class of brown ...
It exists as a monomer, trimer, tetramer, octamer or dodecamer, [12] [13] creating multiple functions. [14] In plants, PPO is a plastidic enzyme with unclear synthesis and function. In functional chloroplasts, it may be involved in oxygen chemistry like mediation of pseudocyclic photophosphorylation. [15]
Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenols found in many plants, such as cranberry, blueberry, and grape seeds. Chemically, they are oligomeric flavonoids. Many are oligomers of catechin and epicatechin and their gallic acid esters. More complex polyphenols, having the same polymeric building block, form the group of condensed tannins.